Thermal management improvement of a liquid cooled Proton exchange membrane fuel cell through adoption of Al2O3 nanofluids as cooling medium / Irnie Azlin @ Nur Aqilah Zakaria

So Proton Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) has started to gain global attention nowadays due to the greener aspect of this technology with almost 90 % emission reduction as compared to internal combustion engine. However, in order to improve the thermal performance efficiency of a PEM fuel cell, an excellent thermal management system acquisition is strongly required. This study hybridized nanofluids and PEM fuel cell technologies into cooling medium of PEM fuel cell in order to improve the thermal management. To author’s knowledge, experimental study of nanofluids in an electrically active heat transfer device such as PEM fuel cell is almost none. The study focuses on Alumina oxides (Al2O3) nanofluids characterization, understanding heat transfer and fluid flow behaviour of Al2O3 nanofluids in a single cooling plate and later on establishing thermo electrical and thermo fluid performance of a fullscale PEM fuel cell with the adoption of Al2O3 nanofluids as the cooling medium. In this study, Al2O3 nanofluids with volume concentration of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 volume % have been dispersed in base fluids of water and two mixtures of water and ethylene glycol (EG), which are 60:40 and 50:50 (W:EG). Critical thermo-physical properties of nanofluids mainly electrical conductivity, viscosity and thermal conductivity were measured. Prandtl number and Thermo-electrical conductivity (TEC) ratio were established

Cheese tart press machine

Tart is a type of baked open-pastry which consists of a shortcrust pastry and a filling over it (Figure 9.1). Shortcrust pastry often used as the base for the tart. The filling may be usually something sweet and savory poured onto the crust, though modern tarts are usually fruit-based, sometimes with custard. In the production of tart, its crust is the main part. In the process of making tart crust, the dough must first be pressed to get the desired shape and size

Valorization of discarded face mask for bioactive compound synthesis and photodegradation of dye

To keep COVID-19 at bay, most countries have mandated the use of face masks in public places and imposed heavy penalties for those who fail to do so. This has inadvertently created a huge demand for disposable face masks and worsened the problem of littering, where a large number of used masks are constantly discarded into the environment. As such, an efficient and innovative waste management strategy for the discarded face mask is urgently needed. This study presents the transformation of discarded face mask into catalyst termed ‘mask waste ash catalyst (MWAC)’ to synthesise bisindolylmethanes (BIMs), alkaloids that possess antibacterial, antioxidant and antiviral properties. Using commercially available aldehydes and indole, an excellent yield of reaction (62–94%) was achieved using the MWAC in the presence of water as the sole solvent. On the other hand, the FT-IR spectrum of MWAC showed the absorption bands at 2337 cm−1, 1415 cm−1 and 871 cm−1, which correspond to the signals of calcium oxide. It is then proposed that the calcium oxides mainly present in MWAC can protonate oxygen atoms in the carbonyl molecule of the aldehyde group, thus facilitating the nucleophile attack by indole which consequently improved the product yield. Moreover, the MWAC is also observed to facilitate the photodegradation of methylene blue with an efficiency of up to 94.55%. Our results showed the potential applications of the MWAC derived from discarded face masks as a sustainable catalyst for bioactive compound synthesis and photodegradation of dye compounds

Revolution of engine cooling and thermal management system / Irnie Azlin@Nur Aqilah Zakaria

Engine cooling and thermal management system is very essential in an automotive industry. It has been existed for decades but only recently been explored for revolution. This study explores current conventional engine cooling, specifically detailing out specifications for wax type conventional thermostat and engine driven water pump. In conventional cooling study, improvement has been made on thermostat opening temperature. Actual experimental set up has been installed and result recorded. Impact on this change has been studied in term of engine coolant inlet and outlet temperature, radiator, bypass flow rate and also Euro 3 emission compliance. This study also highlights the limitation of current conventional engine cooling and thermal management system, thus requiring revolution to the system. Advanced engine cooling and thermal management system is then explored as a revolution of engine cooling and thermal management system. This further brings us to study on electrification of engine cooling components mainly on electric control valve and electric water pump. The control system is also improved through integration between engine input/output and cooling input /output for optimum combination. 2 case studies have been reviewed which are Chevrolet Tahoe, 5.77 litre ( Chalgren Jr, 2004 ) and Ford Excursion 6.0 liter diesel ( Chalgren and Allen, 2005 ). In these two studies, electric water pump, electric valve, dual variable speed fan and also restrictor at bypass to boost heater core coolant flow have been fully examined and effect on engine cooling and thermal management system is observed.A lot of improvement seen from this revolution namely improvement in fuel consumption, reduced warm up time, better emission control, better cabin temperature during cold start, better coolant temperature fluctuation and also reduction in parasitic loss

Exploring the potential of fish waste (Sardinella fimbriata) through pyrolysis: A study of kinetics and thermodynamics using isoconversional methods

The growing global demand for fish has led to an increase in fish waste (FW) production, necessitating efficient waste management strategies. Pyrolysis is a promising way to convert fish waste into high-value products. To achieve optimal waste mass reduction and gain insights into the pyrolysis process, estimating kinetic parameters is essential. This study investigated the pyrolysis of FW, Sardinella fimbriata, a previously unexplored waste source, using a thermogravimetric analyser. The study determined an average activation energy value of 84–124 kJ/mol using model-free isoconversional methods including Flynn-Wall–Ozawa, Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose, and Starink, whereas pre-exponential factor values were predicted to be between 102 and 1011 s−1. Further analysis using Criado's reduced master-plot approach showed that the experimental curves for pyrolysis coincided with many different theoretical plots for reaction mechanisms, with a concentration on reaction-order models. The analysis of thermodynamic parameters showed positive values of enthalpy change and Gibbs energy change for S. fimbriata FW pyrolysis, suggesting that the process is endothermic and non-spontaneous, while negative values of entropy change were observed across all conversion degrees as a result of the breakdown of complex organic molecules into simpler compounds. This study provides insights into the feasibility of thermal processes and offers new guidance for FW waste management and resource recovery, expanding the understanding of pyrolysis kinetics and thermodynamics for fish waste treatment

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